Male infertility is a concept within reproductive science and clinical medicine denoting the inability of a male to achieve conception with a fertile female after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. As a core area of research, it systematically investigates the diverse biological, environmental, and genetic factors underlying impaired male reproductive function, encompassing the study of spermatogenesis, sperm quality, endocrine regulation, and associated pathologies to develop diagnostic methods and therapeutic interventions.